The shrews (Cryptotis) of Colombia: What do we know about them?
Keywords:
Andes, distribution, endemism, Eulipotyphla, Soricidae, taxonomy.Abstract
In Colombia, shrews (Cryptotis) are represented by seven species associated with Andean, high Andean, and Paramo ecosystems of the three national Cordilleras. Of these species, five are endemic to the Andean region of the country. Despite representing the group of mammals with the highest rate of endemic species, the knowledge currently available on aspects such as natural history, distribution, and ecology is limited. This work assesses the current state of knowledge of the shrews of Colombia, discusses taxonomic issues, risks and threats related to conservation, and identifies research needs and priorities. We compile the information on shrews of Colombia available in the literature and databases. We include two of the known species of the country and one to be determined within a phylogenetic context. In general, the knowledge of the shrews of Colombia reveals the lack of ecological and genetic studies. There are unsolved taxonomic questions about the presence of certain species in the different mountain ranges of the country. There is an urgent need to generate molecular information to clarify the richness of the genus in Colombia which, according to our observations, has been underestimated. The knowledge about the shrews of Colombia is still scarce, even when some species were first described more than a hundred years ago. The need to conduct systematic studies and comprehensive morphological descriptions to clarify the richness of the shrews of Colombia is highlighted.References
Abramov, A. V., A. A. Bannikova, D. M. Chernetskaya, V. S. Lebedev, and V. V. Rozhnov. 2017. The first record of Episoriculus umbrinus from Vietnam, with notes on the taxonomic composition of Episoriculus (Mammalia, Soricidae). Russian Journal of Theriology 16:117–128.
Alberico, M., A. Cadena, J. Hernández-Camacho, and Y. Muñoz-Saba. 2000. Mamíferos (Synapsida: Theria) de Colombia. Biota Colombiana 1:43–75.
Allen, J. A. 1912. Mammals from western Colombia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 31:71–95.
Allen, G. M. 1923. A new shrew from Colombia. Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club 8:37–38.
Altschul, S.F., W. Gish, W. Miller, E.W. Myers, and D.J. Lipman. 1990. Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. Journal of Molecular Biology 215:403–410.
Andrade-Ponce, G., S. M. Montaño-Salazar, L. M. Riveros-Loaiza, H. E Ramírez-Chaves, and A. F. Suárez-Castro. 2016. Estado de conocimiento y prioridades de investigación de las familias Canidae, Mephitidae y Procyonidae (Mammalia: Carnivora) en Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 40:500–513.
Armenteras, D., F. Gast, and H. Villareal. 2003. Andean forest fragmentation and the representativeness of protected natural areas in the eastern Andes, Colombia. Biological Conservation 113:245–256.
Baird, A.B., T.J. McCarthy, R.G. Trujillo, Y.Y. Kang, M. Esmaeiliyan, J. Valdez, N. Woodman, and J.W. Bickham. 2018. Molecular systematics and biodiversity of the Cryptotis mexicanus group (Eulipotyphla: Soricidae): two new species from Honduras supported. Systematics and Biodiversity 16:108–117.
Bannikova, A. A., A. V. Abramov, V. S. Lebedev, and B. I. Sheftel. 2017. Unexpectedly high genetic diversity of the Asiatic short-tailed shrews Blarinella (Mammalia, Lipotyphla, Soricidae). Doklady Biological Sciences 474:93–97.
Brant, S.V., and G. Ortí. 2002. Molecular phylogeny of short-tailed shrews, Blarina (Insectivora: Soricidae). Phylogenetics and Evolution 22:163–173.
Cáceres Martínez, C. H., A. A. Acevedo, and J. F. González-Maya. 2017. A hundred years later: new record of the rare Cryptotis tamensis (Soricidae: Mammalia) from Tama National Natural Park, Colombia. Mammalogy Notes 4:30–31.
Castaño, J. H., Y. Muñoz-Saba, J. E. Botero, and J. H. Vélez. 2003. Mamíferos del Departamento de Caldas – Colombia. Biota Colombiana 4:247–259.
Castaño, J. H., D. A. Torres, V. Rojas-Díaz, C. A. Saavedra-Rodríguez, and J. Pérez-Torres. 2017. Mamíferos del departamento de Risaralda, Colombia. Biota Colombiana 18:239–254.
Castaño S., J. H. 2012. Mamíferos de Caldas: Un análisis de vacíos de información. Boletín Científico, Centro de Museos, Museo de Historia Natural 16:101–119.
Castiglia, R., F. Annesi, and G. Amori. 2007. Mitochondrial DNA reveals different phylogeographic structures in the water shrews Neomys anomalus and N. fodiens (Insectivora: Soricidae) in Europe. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 45:255–262.
Cavelier, J., and A. Etter. 1995. Deforestation of Montane Forest in Colombia as result of illegal plantations of opium (Papaver somniferum). Pp: 541–549 in Biodiversity and Conservation of Neotropical montane forests (Churchill, S. P., Baslev, H., Forero, E., and Luteyn, J. L., eds.). The New York Botanical Garden, New York.
Chen, Z. Z., K. He, C. Huang, T. Wan, L. K. Lin, S. Y. Liu, and X. L. Jiang. 2017. Integrative systematic analyses of the genus Chodsigoa (Mammalia: Eulipotyphla: Soricidae), with descriptions of new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180:694-713.
Corredor-Carrillo, D. A., and Y. Muñoz-Saba. 2007. Mamíferos de la alta montaña de Perijá. Pp. 221–233 in Colombia, diversidad biótica V, la alta montaña de la Serranía de Perijá (Rangel-Ch, J. O. Ed.). Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
Cuartas-Calle, C. A., and J. Muñoz-Arango. 2003. Marsupiales, cenoléstidos e insectívoros de Colombia. Editorial Universidad de Antioquia. Medellín, Colombia.
Cuervo Díaz, A., J. Hernández-Camacho, and A. Cadena G. 1986. Lista actualizada de los mamíferos de Colombia. Anotaciones sobre su distribución. Caldasia 15:471–501.
Choate, J. R., and E. D. Fleharty. 1973. Habitat preference and spatial relations of shrews in a mixed grassland in Kansas. The Southwestern Naturalist 18:110–112.
Darriba, D., G. L. Taboada, R. Doallo, and D. Posada. 2012. jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nature Methods 9:772.
Delgado-V., C. A. 2002. Food habits and habitat of the crab-eating fox Cerdocyon thous in the highlands of eastern Antioquia Dept., Cordillera Central, Colombia. Mammalia 66: 603–605.
Delgado-V., C. A. 2009. Non-volant mammals, Reserva San Sebastián-La Castellana, Valle de Aburrá, Antioquia, Colombia. Check List 5:1–4.
Delgado-V., C. A., and J. D. Ramírez. 2009. Presas de la lechuza común (Tyto alba) en Jardín, Antioquia, Colombia. Ornitología Colombiana 8:88–93.
Diaz-Pulido, A., V. Rojas-Díaz, and C. A. Saavedra-Rodríguez. 2015. Mamíferos. Pp. 128–139 in Catálogo de biodiversidad para las regiones andina, pacífica y piedemonte amazónico. nivel regional. volumen 2 tomo 1. (Portocarrero-Aya, M., G. Corzo, and M. E. Chaves, eds.). Serie Planeación ambiental para la conservación de la biodiversidad en las áreas operativas de Ecopetrol. Proyecto Planeación ambiental para la conservación de la biodiversidad en las áreas operativas de Ecopetrol. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt – Ecopetrol S. A. Bogotá D. C., Colombia.
Duarte, M. A., and A. L. Vilora. 1992. Nuevo hallazgo de Cryptotis thomasi (Merriam, 1897) (Mammalia: Insectívora) en la Sierra de Perijá, Noreste de Colombia. Acta Científica Venezolana 43:240–242.
Edgar, R. C. 2004. MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Research 32:1792–1797.
Escobar-Lasso, S., J. Cerón-Cardona, and J. H. Castaño-Salazar. 2013. Los mamíferos de la cuenca del río Chinchiná, en la región andina de Colombia. Therya 4:139–155.
ESRI. 2016. ArcGIS Desktop: Release 10. Redlands, CA: Environmental Systems Research Institute.
Estupiñán-Saavedra, E. 2009. Revisión preliminar de la morfológia y morfometría de las musarañas del grupo Cryptotis thomasi (Soricomorpha: Soricidae) de la cordillera Oriental de Colombia. Trabajo de grado en Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela de Biología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Colombia.
Flantua, S., H. Hooghiemstra, J. H. Van Boxel, M. Cabrera, Z. González-Carranza, and C. González-Arango. 2014. Connectivity dynamics since the Last Glacial Maximum in the northern Andes: a pollen-driven framework to assess potential migration. Pp. 98–123 in Paleobotany and Biogeography: a festschrift for Alan Graham in his 80th year (Stevens, W., O. Montiel, and P. Raven, eds.). St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden.
GBIF. 2018. GBIF Home Page. Disponible en: https://www.gbif.org. Downloaded on 28 November 2017.
Guevara López, L. 2010. Relaciones filogenéticas entre musarañas del grupo de especies Cryptotis mexicana (Mammalia: Soricomorpha). Tesis de Maestría, Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
Guevara, L., and F. A. Cervantes. 2014. Molecular systematics of small-eared shrews (Soricomorpha, Mammalia) within Cryptotis mexicanus species group from Mesoamérica. Acta Theriologica 59:233–242.
Guevara, L., F. A. Cervantes, and V. Sánchez-Cordero. 2015. Riqueza, distribución y conservación de los topos y las musarañas (Mammalia, Eulipotyphla) de México. Therya, 6:43–68.
Gutiérrez, E. E., K. M. Helgen, M. M. McDonough, F. Bauer, M. T. R. Hawkins, L. A. Escobedo-morales, B. D. Patterson, and J.E. Maldonado. 2017. A gene-tree test of the traditional taxonomy of American deer: the importance of voucher specimens, geographic data, and dense sampling. ZooKeys 697:87–131.
Hazzi, A. N., J. S. Moreno, C. Ortiz-Movliav, and R. D. Palacio. 2018. Biogeographic regions and events of isolation and diversification of the endemic biota of the tropical Andes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115:7985–7990.
He, K., Y. J. Li, M. C. Brandley, L. K. Lin, Y. X. Wang, Y. P. Zhang, and X. L. Jiang. 2010. A multi-locus phylogeny of Nectogalini shrews and influences of the paleoclimate on speciation and evolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 56:734–746.
He, K., N. Woodman, S. Boaglio, M. Roberts, S. Supekar, and J. E. Maldonado. 2015. Molecular phylogeny supports repeated adaptation to burrowing within small-eared shrews genus of Cryptotis (Eulipotyphla, Soricidae). PLoS ONE 10: e0140280.
Hijmans, R. J. 2018. raster: geographic data analysis and modeling. R package ver. 2.6-7. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package = raster.
Hooghiemstra, H., V. M. Wijninga, and A. M Cleef. 2006. The paleobotanical record of Colombia: Implications for biogeography and biodiversity 1. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 93:297–325.
Irwin, D. M., T. D. Kocher, and A. C. Wilson. 1991. Evolution of the Cytochrome b gene of mammals. Journal of Molecular Evolution 32:128–144.
IUCN. 2018. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T136736A4333708. Disponible en: https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/spatial-data-download. Downloaded on 28 September 2017.
Jiménez-Rivillas, C., J. J. García, M. A. Quijano-Abril, and J. M. Daza. 2018. A new biogeographical regionalisation of the Páramo biogeographic province. Australian Systematic Botany 31:296–310.
Kimura, M. 1980. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rate of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution 16: 111–120.
Kumar, S., G. Stecher, and K. Tamura. 2015. MEGA 7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Molecular Biology and Evolution 33:1870–1874.
Liévano Latorre, L. F., and H. F. López Arévalo. 2015. Comunidad de mamíferos no voladores en un área periurbana andina, Cundinamarca, Colombia. Acta Biológica Colombiana 20:193–202.
López-Arévalo, H., O. Montenegro-Díaz, and A. Cadena. 1993. Ecología de los pequeños mamíferos de la Reserva Biológica Carpanta, en la cordillera Oriental colombiana. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 28:193–210.
MADS - Ministerio del Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible. 2014. Resolución No. 0192, “Por la cual se establece el listado de las especies silvestres amenazadas de la diversidad biológica colombiana que se encuentran en el territorio nacional, and se dictan otras determinacionesâ€. Bogotá, 10 de febrero de 2014, p. 1–36.
MADS - Ministerio del Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible. 2017. Resolución No. 1912, “Por la cual se establece el listado de las especies silvestres amenazadas de la diversidad biológica colombiana continental y marino costera que se encuentran en el territorio nacional, and se dictan otras disposicionesâ€. Bogotá, 15 Sept 2017, p. 1–38. Disponible en: http://www.minambiente.gov.co/images/normativa/app/resoluciones/75-res%201912%20de%202017.pdf
Marín Cardona, D. 2009. Caracterización morfológica y morfométrica de las musarañas de orejas pequeñas del género Cryptotis (Mammalia: Soricomorpha) en la Cordillera Central colombiana. Trabajo de grado. Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia.
Medina, W., D. C. Macana García, and F. Sánchez. 2015. Aves y mamíferos de bosque altoandino-páramo en el páramo de Rabanal (Boyacá-Colombia). Revista Ciencia en Desarrollo 6:185–1982.
Meegaskumbura, S., M. Meegaskumbura, R. Pethiyagoda, K. Manamendra-Arachchi, and C. J. Schneider. 2007. Crocidura hikmiya, a new shrew (Mammalia: Soricomorpha: Soricidae from Sri Lanka. Zootaxa 1665:19-30.
Merriam, C. H. 1897. Description of five new shrews from Mexico, Guatemala and Colombia. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 11:227–230.
Moreno-Cárdenas, P. A. 2017. Sistemática y biogeografía de las musarañas del género Cryptotis (Eulipotyphla: Soricidae) en los andes de Ecuador. Tesis para optar al título de Máster en Biología de la Conservación. Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Ecuador, Ecuador.
Moreno, P. A., and L. Albuja V. 2014. Una nueva especie de musaraña del género Cryptotis Pomel 1848 (Mammalia: Soricomorpha: Soricidae) de Ecuador y estatus taxonómico de Cryptotis equatoris Thomas (1912). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 54:403–418.
Moreno Cárdenas, P. A., and J. L. Román-Carrión. 2017. Musarañas del género Cryptotis (Eulipotyphla: Soricidae) en el Pleistoceno Tardío de los Andes Ecuatorianos. Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana 69:421–432.
Naylor, L., and N. Roach. 2016a. Cryptotis medellinia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T136267A22285456. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T136267A22285456.en. Downloaded on 15 January 2019.
Naylor, L., and N. Roach. 2016b. Cryptotis squamipes. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T41378A22284402. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41378A22284402.en. Downloaded on 13 October 2018.
Naylor, L., N. Roach, and M. Quiroga-Carmona. 2018. Cryptotis thomasi (amended version of 2016 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T41379A126907773. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T41379A126907773.en. Downloaded on 13 October 2018
Noguera-Urbano, E. A., and T. Escalante. 2014. Datos geográficos de los murciélagos (Chiroptera) en el Neotrópico. Revista de Biología Tropical 62:211–225.
Noguera-Urbano, E. A., and T. Escalante. 2015. Áreas de endemismo de los mamíferos (Mammalia) neotropicales. Acta Biológica Colombiana 20:47–65.
Ohdachi, S. D., M. Hasegawa, M. A. Iwasa, P. Vogel, T. Oshida, L.-K. Lin, and H. Abe. 2006. Molecular phylogenetics of soricid shrews (Mammalia) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences: with special reference to the Soricinae. Journal of Zoology 270:177-191.
Orlov, V. N., A. E. Balakirev, and Y. M. Borisov. 2011. Phylogenetic relationships of Caucasian shrew Sorex satunini Ogn. (Mammalia) in the superspecies Sorex araneus inferred from the data of karyological analysis and the mtDNA cyt b gene sequencing. Russian Journal of Genetics 47:711–719.
Otálora Ardila, A. 2003. Mamíferos de los bosques de roble. Acta Biológica Colombiana 8:357–371.
Pebesma, E. J., and R. S. Bivand. 2005. Classes and methods for spatial data in R. R News 5:9–13.
Pfau, R. S., D. B. Sasse, M. B. Connior, and I. F. Guenther. 2011. Ocurrence of Blarina brevicauda in Arkansas and notes on the distribution of Blarina carolinensis and Cryptotis parva. Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Sciences 65:61–66.
Quiroga-Cardona, M., and N. Woodman. 2015. A new species of Cryptotis (Mammalia, Eulipotyphla, Soricidae) from the Sierra de Perijá, Venezuelan-Colombian Andes. Journal of Mammalogy 96:800–809.
Quiroga-Cardona, M., and C. DoNascimiento. 2016. A new species of small-eared shrew of the genus Cryptotis Pomel, 1848 (Mammalia, Eulipotyphla, Soricidae) from the easternmost mountains of the Venezuelan Andes. Mammalian Biology 81:494–505.
R Development Core Team. 2018. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL http://www.R-project.org/.
Rambaut, A., M. A. Suchard, D. Xie, and A. J. Drummond. 2014. Tracer v1.6. Disponible en: http://beast.bio.ed.ac.uk/Tracer
Ramírez-Chaves, H. E., and E. A. Noguera-Urbano. 2011. Lista preliminar de los mamíferos (Mammalia: Theria) del Departamento de Nariño - Colombia. Biota Colombiana 11:115–138. [fechado 2010, impreso 2011]
Ramírez-Chaves, H. E., A. F. Suárez-Castro, and J. F. González-Maya. 2016. Cambios recientes a la lista de mamíferos de Colombia. Mammalogy Notes 3:1–9.
Rangel-Ch, J. O. 2000. La región paramuna de Colombia y franjas aledañas. Pp. 1–23 in Colombia Diversidad Biótica III: La región de vida paramuna (Rangel-Ch, O., Ed). Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia e Instituto Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá.
Rivas-Pava, P., H. E. Ramírez-Chaves, Z. Álvarez, and B. L. Niño-Valencia. 2007. Catálogo de los Mamíferos presentes en las colecciones de referencia y exhibición del Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad del Cauca. Taller Editorial Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia.
Rojas-Díaz, V., M. Reyes-Gutiérrez, and M. S. Alberico. 2012. Mamíferos (Synapsida, Theria) del Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Biota Colombiana 13:99–116.
Ronquist, F., M. Teslenko, P. van der Mark, D. L. Ayres, A. Darling, S. Höhna, B. Larget, L. Liu, M. A. Suchard, and J. P. Huelsenbeck. 2012. MrBayes 3.2: Efficient Bayesian phylogenetic tree inference and model choice across a large space. Systematic Biology 61:539-542.
Sánchez, F. 2000. Inventario de mamíferos en un bosque andino del departamento de Caldas, Colombia. Boletín Científico, Centro de Museos, Museo de Historia Natural 4:17–25.
Sánchez, F., and M. Alvear. 2003. Comentarios sobre el uso de hábitat, dieta, conocimiento popular de los mamíferos en un bosque andino de Caldas, Colombia. Boletín Científico, Centro de Museos, Museo de Historia Natural 7:122–144.
SiB Colombia. 2018. Portal de datos. Explora los datos. Disponible en: http://datos.biodiversidad.co. Downloaded on 28 November 2017.
Smith, M. F., and J. L. Patton. 1993. The diversification of South American murid rodents: Evidence from mitochondrial DNA sequence data for the akodontine tribe. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 50:149-177.
Smith M. F., and J. L. Patton. 2003. Diversification of South American murid rodents: evidence from mitochondrial DNA sequence data for the akodontine tribe. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 50:149–177.
Solari, S., J. M. Martínez-C., D. Marín-C., and E. Patiño C. 2015. Geographic patterns of Andean assemblages of small mammals from Antioquia, Colombia. Pp. 57 in 8 Congreso Brasileiro de Mastozoologia, SBMz 30 anos. Livro de resumos. João Pessoa, Brasil.
Solari, S., Y. Muñoz-Saba, J. V. Rodríguez-Mahecha, T. R. Defler, H. E. Ramírez-Chaves, and F. Trujillo. 2013. Riqueza, endemismo y conservación de los mamíferos de Colombia. Mastozoología Neotropical 20:301–365.
Tate, G. H. H. 1932. Distribution of the South American shrews. Journal of Mammalogy 13:223–228.
Thomas, O. 1921. New Cryptotis, Thomasomys, and Oryzomys from Colombia. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 9:354–57.
van der Hammen, T. 1974. The Pleistocene Changes of Vegetation and Climate in Tropical South America. Journal of Biogeography 1:3–26
Vianchá Sánchez, A. P., J. Y. Cepeda-Gómez, E. C. Muñoz López, Á. M. Hernández Ochoa, and L. Rosero Lasprilla. 2012. Mamíferos pequeños no voladores del Parque Natural Municipal Ranchería, Paipa, Boyacá, Colombia. Revista Biodiversidad Neotropical 2:37–44.
Vivar, E., V. Pacheco, and M. Valqui. 1997. A new species of Cryptotis (Insectivora: Soricidae) from northern Peru. American Museum Novitates 3202:1–15.
Woodman, N. 1996. Taxonomic status of the enigmatic Cryptotis avia (Mammalia: Insectivora: Soricidae), with comments on the distribution of the Colombian small-eared shrew, Cryptotis colombiana. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 109:409–418.
Woodman, N. 2002. A new species of small-eared shrew from Colombia and Venezuela (Mammalia: Soricomorpha: Soricidae: Genus Cryptotis). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 115:249–272.
Woodman, N. 2003. A new small-eared shrew of the Cryptotis nigrescens-group from Colombia (Mammalia: Soricomorpha: Soricidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 116:853–872.
Woodman, N. 2008a. Cryptotis brachyonyx. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T136736A4333708. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T136736A4333708.en. Downloaded on 26 May 2017.
Woodman, N. 2008b. Cryptotis colombiana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T136795A4340771. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T136795A4340771.en. Downloaded on 26 May 2017.
Woodman, N. 2017. Cryptotis colombiana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T136795A22284247. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T136795A22284247.en. Downloaded on 9 September 2018.
Woodman, N., and R. M. Timm. 1993. Intraspecific and interspecific variation in the Cryptotis nigrescens species complex of small-eared shrews (Insectivora: Soricidae), with the description of a new species from Colombia. Fieldiana: Zoology 74:1–30.
Woodman, N., and S. A. Gaffney. 2014. Can they dig it? Functional morphology and semifossoriality among small eared shrews, genus Cryptotis (Mammalia, Soricidae). Journal of Morphology 275:745–59.
Woodman, N., and J. Péfaur. 2008. Order Soricomorpha Gregory, 1910. Pp. 177–187 in Mammals of South America, Volume 1. Marsupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats (Gardner, A. L., Ed.). The University of Chicago Press. Chicago, Illinois, EE.UU. [dated 2007, printed 2008]
Woodman, N., and M. Quiroga-Carmona. 2018. Cryptotis tamensis (amended version of 2017 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T136780A126907401. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T136780A126907401.en. Downloaded on 15 January 2019.
Woodman, N., C. A. Cuartas-Calle, and C. A. Delgado-V. 2003. The humerus of Cryptotis colombiana and its bearing on the species’ phylogenetic relationships (Soricomorpha: Soricidae). Journal of Mammalogy 84:832–839.
Zeballos, H., K. Pino, C. E. Medina, A. Pari, D. Chávez, N. Tinoco, and G. Ceballos. 2018. A new species of small-eared shrew of the genus Cryptotis (Mammalia, Eulipotyphla, Soricidae) from the northernmost Peruvian Andes. Zootaxa 4377:51–73.
Published
Issue
Section
License
THERYA is based on its open access policy allowing free download of the complete contents of the magazine in digital format. It also authorizes the author to place the article in the format published by the magazine on your personal website, or in an open access repository, distribute copies of the article published in electronic or printed format that the author deems appropriate, and reuse part or whole article in own articles or future books, giving the corresponding credits.
